You bring up a very interesting point! It's quite simple, actually.
The driver in front is using a very powerful tactic by staying on the inside. However, he has to slow down enough to keep the car on the tighter radius needed to get around the corner. If you are on the outside, you can brake slightly earlier than normal, drive the right line for the corner behind the car, and time it so you are closing in on the car by the time you've passed the apex to the corner.
Skip Barber points out 'Surprisingly, this doesn't happen very much. Seeing a car drive defensively up the inside tends to befuddly the driver on the outside and more often than not, they give up the passing attempt!'
Just what has happened to you)
Good Luck!