Wheel tethers are made of Zylon in F1, F2, IRL and presumably other series that use wheel tethers. It is very strong, but has no give. It stretches much less than steel.
What happens when the wheel gets to the end of the tether is that the energy of the wheel is transferred to the mounting points in an extremly short space of time (same as hitting a wall without a crumple zone to spread the load). In some cases, the wheel will reach the end of the tether positioned so that the wheel twists as the tether reaches limit, but I think that still only partially helps, as we see by the number of times tethers fail. F1 cars have 2 tethers iirc, one shorter than the other. The shorter one takes part of the strain if/when it snaps, leaving the main tether to take the rest. I don't know how it works in F2.
To improve tethers, you could build in a deforming section - either a more elastic section or slipping mounting points, such as they use in seatbelts. Or you could have lots of tethers of varying sizes, so they break in turn and each take some of the impact. Feel free to add more ways!
One question I have is why does the amount of detatched wheels differ so much between F2, F1 and Indycars? They all use the same material as I said, so why are indycars so good at keeping wheels attatched compared to F1, and why is F2 so much worse than F1?
I'm really devastated with this. I mean, I changed the channel before the crash, but after knowing of his death, I just felt like..."Un****ingbelievable". I'm even astonished for not shedding a tear over this after reading all tributes and how Henry was a great person not only racing but also out of the track. And then looking at his crash...holy shit, there was no way he could've survived that.
Not sounding rude but i think his dad will die soon from his Henrys death putting him down. He was with henry morning, noon and night.
John was the only one out of brundle and palmer who went to every meeting supporting his son.
Them tethers on that video are useless. Held the wheel on for a few seconds and then it flew off.
Open wheeler's i think need a shell going over them for more safety. (Like a classic aeroplane cockpit)
I don't think that'll work. They will need to be easily detatchable for obvious reasons, and they will just fail at the fastening points. And that will be very dangerous if a car rolls over. And think back to the Wurz/Coulthard accident, had there been a structure like that in place it would have just snapped off.
Loads of money has been spent towards making fighter aircraft canopies impact safe with no success.
Protective roll cages were tried in practise at the Indy 500 one year in the early 70s (I've seen pictures somewhere), but they disrupted the airflow to the rear wing, causing stability problems.
Everybody is forgetting the bleedingly obvious shortcoming of tethers... They are not attached to the wheel. They are attached to the hub, which basically has one wheelnut keeping the wheel on. If any part holding the wheel onto the hub fails, it's goodbye wheel, tethers or not.
The reason some cars are better at keeping the wheels on is simply because the suspensions are much tougher in Indycar (they need to be able to withstand a small impact with a wall), and so is the wheel hub. It is less likely to break off during impact.
I'd say the hubs in F2 can't handle much of an impact at all.
And of course sometimes the tethers just fail and you see wheels with suspensions attached rolling and bouncing across the track.
And I agree, it really is luck that determines what bits fall of a car, where they go and if anything else is there when they arrive.
In a youtube video of the accident someone who works with F2 cars said that if there is a shearing force the wheel comes off really easily, the tether being practically useless. The video was 'Removed by the user' unfortunately, so I suppose this doesn't sound very reliable! I'm sure there is some more info on this somewhere though.