It is a fact that right now half of what a student studying in a technology related course learns in their first year at university is out of date in their third year, and the rate of technological progress is at this time still increasing exponentially - it is not slowing down, technological progress is exploding.
For some time the speed of processors has doubled every 18 months or so, and graphics processing around every 6 months or so. In order to stay ahead of the competition two things have happened: Manufacturers are giving us 'doubling' with more cores, duplication and parallel processing is becoming the norm. Currently this is being rolled out slowly because software moves slower than hardware (because the industry involves many hundreds of thousands of people and equally as many products, whereas the hardware industry employs less people making less products, so hardware reacts faster to changes).
Once the software industry has gotten a better hold of parallel processing and multi-threading techniques are "mainstreem" (which is more or less the case now) and then the catalogue of products is all adapted to it, the rate at which this 'doubling' of cores can increase with a tangeable benefit. In two years time there will be more uses for a 32 core processor than we have today, and ultimately we'll be treating cores like we current treat bits.
The other thing manufacturers are doing is miniaturising everything, this has had an interesting effect already: Consider computer games, they started out with pong, space invaders, snake and other simple games. Computer games have become massively more advanced, meenwhile mobile phones have gone through the phase of having these "old classics" are their mainstay of games and now my iPhone can play fully fledged 3D shooters with shader technology and physics engines. It is likely that the next generation of technology will re-invent pong in a whole new way, before reintroducing 3D all over again and making us say wow. Maybe it'll be holograms of some form as these are already in quite an advanced pre-market state of development.
The free exchange of ideas perpetrated by the internet is a large part of the rapid development of technology but the internet is set to get smaller if governments get their way - it is gradually going to become if not more regulated at least more under "control". We may even see ISP's offering "internet packages" of certain sites much like TV channel packages today - which would signal the beginning of the end of the internet's role in the rapid exchange of ideas - but it isn't going to vanish completely any time soon, it'll just be dumbed down a bit.
Online social networking has already started to move us away from a "world" view of the internet to a more closed "friends" view of the internet, and the view is likely to get smaller as time goes by until technology no longer grants freedom against the state, we all saw how social networking played it's part in civil unrest in Iran earlier this year - and how Iran fought back against it with sweeping blocks and civilian control measures.
It's not just the shape of the web that will change, but the applications too will be greatly different. We're going to see much more ajax use and with it sites that respond and act in a very different way... Page refreshes will gradually become a thing of the past and page content will be refreshed more and more at the div level - this has already started to happen, and the introduction of Google Wave is likely to accelerate the mass deployment of this existing technique. Wave itself isn't anything miraculous - I wrote my own Wave'esque type backbone in 1 day a few weeks back - what it is however is a masterpiece of applying modern web design techniques to old problems, and kick starting the masses of web developers to work and think in a different way.
My last prediction for the future of technology in 10 years time is that the widespread use of Internet Explorer and it's lack of an auto-update will still be stunting the development of the web...
End users may not appreciate this that much, particularly those that moved on from IE6 a decade or so ago, but IE6 still represents 8% of the paying customers for e-commerce websites and that is too big a market share to ignore. Consequently, every e-commerce web page out there still has to be written to support a web browser that was deprecated a decade ago.
When the shackles of the past are finaly lost by IE including an auto-update feature (a concept which is an absolute pre-requisite on ANY and ALL online projects and any sensible software developer will introduce at first public releases of an online project), and in the 20 years it will take IE users to install new systems with said version of IE that updates itself, then finaly the protocols behind the internet can start to move forward at the same pace as other technologies.
For years web developers have dreamed of 3D. Did you know your graphics card isn't even capable of rendering a 2D display any more? It's all done under emulation on a 3D canvas - and yet the internet still does not have a universal way of addressing 3D space!
In 10 years time IE6, or possibly, 7 8 9 10 11 or IE 12 will still be blighting web developers, but in 30 years or so the web will start accelerating it's development massively when Microsoft finaly gets it's act together and stops thwarting it's progress.
