But do they? In F3 they just add enough fuel to do the race - a known quantity based on experience, i.e. in testing they add fuel, so some laps, the measure how much fuel is left in the tank by draining it, from which they'll know the fuel used per minute/lap/kilometre.
I'd wager it's the same in Formula Renault, Formula Vee, Formula Ford, Formula 2, GP2, Superleague.
Oil temperature is measured, as is oil pressure, coolant temperature, and displayed in the car, recorded on the datalogging, but not very often is a live feed of that available in the pitlane.
Damper calcs are usually done by feel and trial and error, although some maths and the use of multi-post shaker rigs are used by the larger teams. Wing settings are also done by feel and experience, and very rarely by calculation or simulation, as is ride height (again, shaker rigs are useful here), and brake balance is done by the driver on the track.
F1 has telemetry, but not many other formula series do, and F1 has access to a lot of computer simulations (CFD for example) that most formula series don't.
I have a 'nice LCD' that shows me oil temp and pressure, coolant temp, revs, speed, laptime data (last, best and predictive), gear, steering input... and anything else I want to program into it, and all of this is also recorded for me to look at later - I once posted my datalogging on here to get tips from other people! With fuel injection then fuel pressure and fuel usage can also be recorded, but this is for looking at on a laptop afterwards rather than to tell the driver or the pitcrew they are running out of fuel.
GT cars, where refuelling is carried out, might have a fuel gauge, but I'm only referring to open wheel cars and not tin tops.
If, let's say, an F3 car was used in a race with refuelling, then it would almost certainly be all decided beforehand - add fuel to get to lap 20, and at the pitstop then another 30 litres would be added. No fuel gauge, light or pitwall computers telling you anything else.
Don't think that even professional single seater championships are that technically advanced below GP2 levels.