Interesting post
Always good to know how car behaves in order to drive it more efficiently and to know what to modify when something is wrong !
If I can give my 2 cents.
Actually everything start from tyres. When you are setting the car, what you want is to use as best as possible the grip your tyres can provide. I'll stay on the basics as tyres is the most complex thing on a car.
Maximum Acceleration
Tyres provide maximum acceleration both longitudinal and lateral. However you can't achieve maximum longitudinal and lateral acceleration at the same time. When you are accelerating in both direction (i.e. braking while turning or accelerating into a corner) you are actually reducing the maximum amount of acceleration you can have both in longitudinal axis of your car and lateral axis.
Actually acceleration (and also Forces) that a tyre can provide looks like this diagramm. x axis is lateral acceleration (negative = left hand turn, positive = right hand turn) and y axis is longitudinal acceleration (positive = acceleration, negative = braking).
http://www.temporal.com.au/fig2.gif
You can note that you can't have the same maximum longitudinal acceleration than deceleration. Indeed you are power limited by your engine.
How to maximize your car acceleration (and laptime)
In early days, drivers were trying to use only maximum longitudinal and lateral acceleration and not trying to combine both. That's mean braking in straight line, release brakes, turn in, apex, turn out, throttling.
https://wiki.eee.uci.edu/images/7/73/Ggdiagram3.JPG
In term of G-G diagramm (the one I have shown before), it looks like that :
https://wiki.eee.uci.edu/images/8/89/Ggdiagram4.JPG
Actually this graph isn't good. The fastest way to take a corner is to use the maximum combined acceleration. That mean that for any longitudinal acceleration, you should be as close as possible to the maximum lateral acceleration and exploit the previous graph.
How to do that?
Let's analyse a typical corner in term of that diagramm.
When you are at the end of a straight, your acceleration longitudinal is near 0 (maximum speed) and your lateral's one also. When you hit the brake, you reach maximal negative acceleration exactly as the example before. However, this time you will not release brake pedal before turn in point but stay on the brake while turn in. Of course you release it a bit not to lock up as your tyres can't manage the same deceleration. you wil then follow the lower circle of the graph until you hit the apex. On the apex, you hit the maximum lateral acceleration. From there, you can start being back on throttle and accelerate the car again. But once again, you will achieve that while turn out so as you decrease your steering angle (next step is about that
) you will be able to increase longitudinal acceleration and finally full/maximal longitudinal acceleration.
One last point, don't worry you almost do that everytime when you are driving quite quickly. I suggest you do some laps in hotlap mod and save raf file. Then you download LFS replay analyzer and plot the GG diagramm of your lap.
Case study : XRR at BL1
Here is an example of a lap of Sean Lyddon with XRR in BL1. Well Blackwood isn't really a symetrical track but still it can illustrate what I said above with a slight difference which is aerodynamics that increase the maximum acceleration and combined acceleration.
You got on it 1 straight braking (actually not completely straight as racing line is slightly turning), 2 combined braking through the corner, 3 maximum lateral acceleration on apex, 4 combined acceleration on corner exit. Note that it was early stage of setup development and that we got some issues with power control which cause some snappy oversteer (5 ) but that illustrate the fact that if you try to introduce too much longitudinal acceleration (i.e. accelerating full throttle too quickly) you will overload your tyre. On the other hand you can see on 6 the effect of engine on longitudinal acceleration. Indeed you lose you acceleration when speed is increasing (drag making it even worse).
http://imageshack.us/f/43/seangg.png/
It is important to highlight that all those different step can be long (i.e braking from 300km/h to 90km/h) or really short (step 2, 3 or 4). So even that powerslide isn't that big and Sean managed to do quite a decent laptime. It illustrate as well how power control can be an issue and that counter steer makes you lose some longitudinal acceleration. (See Pablo's post about what happen when cornering with throttle).
That's quite a complex thing to get but that's really the basic of everything. Setting the car is about trying to increase that circle radius and driving is about being at the limit of this traction circle.